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Al-Sayyid al-Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Hasani (b. 1298 – d. 1381 H.) = (1880–1961) by bmk Sufi Master, scholar of Fiqh
and `Aqida, mjadhid. Unique in his humbleness, He was famous for his
character and his ma`rifa of Allah, and he was not famous for his
knowledge
nor for his karamat, although he had plenty of both. His character was
that of the Prophet, in speech, hal, character and deeds. He treated
others as he would like them to treat him. His guest tables were
famous, and his smile always
resplendent. He never became angry except for the sake of Allah. He
spread the Shadhili tariqa in Sham.
His jihad His teachers and ijazat His work His character His students His writings His passing His silsila Relation to the Yaqoubi family References More... |
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His lineage
He is Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Muhammad b. `Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Jam`a al-Hashimi al-Jaza'iri al-Sahili thumma al-Dimashqi al-Ash`ari al-Maliki. His lineage - on both parents' side - goes back to Sayyiduna al-Hasan ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with the two of them. |
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His life
He was born by righteous parents on Saturday the 22 of Shawwal 1298 in the city of Sabta next to Tlimsan in Algeria. His father, who was a qadi of Tlimsan, passed away when he was a boy, leaving behind several children, of which Muhammad was the oldest. He studied under scholars in Algeria. In 1329, he migrated together with his family, and his sheikh, Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yallis, and the latter's son, Sheikh Ahmad, escaping french opression in Algeria, whch prevented `ulema from having their halaqas. Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi was at that time about 31 years old. By way of Tanja and Marn, they headed towards Sham. He recorded everything in detail in his diary: "Al hamduli Allah. On Thursday the 20th of Ramadan 1329, corresponding to the 14 of September (Aylub) of 1911, we left Tlimsan emmigrating. We stayed in Tanja during the whole month of Shawal, waiting for al-Babur. At this time, the news reached us of Italy's occupation of Tarabulis al-Gharb (Tripoli), may Allah thwart her efforts, and give Islam victory over her. Peace. The slave of his Master Muhammad ibn al-Hashimi." On the 5th of December the same year he recorded: "We reached Marsin, when 27 days had passed of (the month of) Dhul Hijja, and it so happened that we were upheld for a long time on our travel. We remained there for two months and some twenty days. Peace. The slave of his Master Muhammad ibn al-Hashimi." At that time, Damascus was under the rule of the ottoman governer Jamal Pasha. The Turkish government spread out Algerian refugees to different places in the Ottoman empire. When the Hashimi family arrived at Sham, Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi was taken to Adnah in Turkey, while his sheikh, Sheikh Muhammad bin Yallis, remained in Damascus. After two years, he was allowed to return to Damascus and reunite with his sheikh. During the first world war, the Syrian populations suffered great hardship, particularly in the provisioning of food. Harvests were poor, the army requisitioned some of the crop, and Britain and France blockaded the Syrian coast to prevent imports. During this time, both the mother and the brother of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi passed away. In Dhul Qa`da 1333 / Aug 1915 his mother Amatu Allah Khayra bint al-Shaykh Abi Zian passed away, and was buried in the graveyard at Bab Saghir in Damascus, next to the two wifes of the Prophet (sall Allah`alehi wa sallam). His brother, Sheikh Muhammad the younger, passed away in 1334 / 1916 and was buried in the graveyard of Bab Saghir near the grave of Ibn Umm Maktum al-A`ma, one of the companions of the Prophet (sallAllah `aleihi wa sallam). |
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His
jihad
At the end of the world war, the ottoman power over Syria collapsed, and King Faysal, son of Husayn (the Sharif if Makka) seized power over Syria. In March 1920 he declared himself King of Syria. His kingdom lasted only for a few months, after whcih the french invaded Syria. People - and at their tëte the `ulema - rose in arms to defend the country against the french. They trained themseleves using the arms of the former Ottoman government. Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi strongly disliked the french colonization. Despite of his age and his fragile physique, he joined the ranks of the popular uprising, training himself in martial arts and the use rifles. He fought alongside with many other `ulema of Damascus. amongst them one of his sheikhs, Sheikh al-Sharif al-Yaqoubi, who commanded a divison of 500 people. In July 1920, a battle was fought in the villiage of Maysaloon outside Damascus. The mujahidun were easily defeated because their weapons were old and inefficient, and many of them were sentenced to death and had to leave the country. |
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His
teachers and ijazat
In Damascus, Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi attended the classes of Abd al-Qadir al-Dukali in Jami`al-Nakhla in Hayy al-Suayqa, and read many books with him, e.g. al-Sanusiyya with the aunthor's commentary on it, and the book Umm al-Barahin, and Sheikh al-Dukali gave him ijaza and gave him his book before passing. He also studied the books of ajza' (hadith) from various shuyukh in Damascus, among them al-Muhaddith Sheikh Badr al-Din al-Hasani; Imam Muhammad ibn Ja¨far al-Kettani al-Hasani, the great marokkan scholar and hadith master who resided in Damascus for almost ten years after the war (1336 –1345); Sheikh Amin al-Suayid, Sheikh Najib Kîwan, Sheikh Tawfiq al-Ayyubi, Sheikh Mahmud al-`Itar from him he took Usul al-Fiqh, and Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yusuf known as al-Kafi, from which he took Maliki fiqh. They gave him ijaza in all the logically derived and traditionally transmitted (`aqli wa naqli ) sciences. His Sheikh in tasswuf and suluk was Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yallis, who gave him idhn for the Shadhili wird amm, and made him his khalifa after his son Ahmad, however he passed away in 1346 without giving him special ijaza for taking murids through the Shadhili path. When the great murshid Sheikh Ahmad ibn Mustafa al-`Alawi passed by Damascus on his way to hajj year in 1351, he gave him idhn for al-wird al-khass (al-ism al-mufrad) and for irshad. |
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His
work
For more than thirty-five years, Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi was teaching in the Umayad mosque and other mosques of Damascus such as al-Nuriyya and al-Shamiyya. He establsihed organized study circles in private homes and in mosques, and he used to go round the mosques of Damascus to gather people for learning and dhikr. This he continued to do until his last days. He was tireless in directing Muslims to leave the wrong way. His classes were on Maliki fiqh, `Aqida, tasawwuf and tafsir al-Quran, and his circles of `ilm went on from morning to eve. He was always concerned about the state of the Muslims, and it pained him when they suffered misfortunes. He used to gather the `ulema in the Umawi mosque to discuss the issues of the Muslims and warn against those who disunite them, He wrote a risala explaining the reasons of disunion and the harm of it and the usefulness of uniting for Allah and to cling to the rope of Allah. he called it "Al-Qaul al-fasil fe bayan al-murad min wasiyyati al-hakim." His circles were like meadows of Paradise. He did not like that any shortcoming of any Muslim to be mentioned in his circels, nor did he want sinners to be mentioned. He used to say: "When mentioning the righteous, Mercy descends." |
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His character
He was a phenomenon in his
character, which was most distingusished in humilty and gentleness. If
someone asked him a question, he would say: You know better, it's from
your knowledge. If he wanted to correct someone, he would say: "Sidi,
what do you think, maybe this is better." He never made any claims,
disliked ceremonies for him. He had many miracles, but he did not like
people mentiong them. He never sat on a chair, but always on the floor.
When guest came, he would seat them in his guest room, and them go to
sort and shine thier shoes. He never allowed anyone to kiss his hand –
even when elderly, he would always be the firts to kiss other people's
hand. He stood for every person.
He built his home in Hayy al-Muhajirin on Mount Qasiun in two sections: one for his family an antother for his guests and murids. (Of Mount Qasiun it is said: It beats the youth, but the old people beat it.) His home was always full of guests. and he never got tired of serving them. Many slept over with him, and, with his fragile body, he served the brothers himself bringing them food and mattresses to sleep on. He never turned down a request or refused anyone help. People would come to him at midnight, and he would open the door, dressed the way he always used to received guests. One of his sudents said: "He was like soldier, always prepared. We never saw him wearing a night gown." [2] He was magnanimous and forbearing, never got annoyed with anyone, and he carried every burden with patience and a joyous face. Once a man came to his home in Damascus and began to attack him and ridicule him, saying words that would make the skin of any Muslim contract. However the Sheikh said nothing to him except: "May Allah reward you with khayr, indeed you are exposing our faults, we will abandone those (faults) and improve our charater." At the end of the day, the man approached the Sheikh, kissed his hands and his feet and asked him for forgiveness. His humbleness attracted people, and they learned from him, and made him famous and raised him in honor. Many a deviated sinner repented at his hands and became righteous believers, and knowers of Allah. It is reported that once a drunkard crossed his way, unkempt and dusty, and Sheikh Muhammad al.Hashimi wiped the dust from his face, spoke kindly to him, gave him advice and did du'a for him. On the next day, the drunkard repented and was the first to appear in his class, |
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His students
He was the humblest and gentlest
of all sheikhs. Two students got this from him:
1. Sheikh Ahmad al-Shami – Hanbali mufti of Dumas 2. Sheikh Shukri al-Lahafi (at the time of writing still alive) – he is an embodyment of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi He had many murids, and he gave
those of them whom he found deserving idhn for da`wa and irshad. In
this way he contributed to the spreading of the tasawwuf and `ilm
throughout Damascus, Aleppo and other places in Sham. Among the
students he qualifed for irshad were Sheikh `Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri
and Sheikh `Abd al-Qadir `Isa. Among his top students of his were
Sheikh Ibrahim al-Yaqoubi, Sheikh Najib al-Ahraf, Sheikh Sanid
al-Hamzawi, Sheikh Sa'id al-Kurdi (who lived in Jordan) and his son
Isma`il. At the time of writing, many of his students are still
alive.
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His writings
Amongst his writings are: - Al rislala al-mawsuma bi `aqida Ahl al-Sunna – a concise matn, also in a rhymed version - Miftah al-Janna – Commentary on `Aqida Ahl al-Sunna - Al-risalatu al-mawsuma bi sabil al-sa`ada fi ma`na kalimatay al-shahada – "The Way to Happiness through Shahada") - Al-Qaul al-fasil fi bayan al-murad min wasiyyati al-hakim – about the unity of the Muslim umma - Sharh Shatjanj al-`Arifin – a commentary on "Chess of the gnostics" of al-Sheikh Muhiy al-Din Ibn `Arabi (printed in Damascus 1357 / rendering in English) - Al-hall al-sadid fima istashkalahu al-murid min jawab al-akhdh `an murshidayn – "Proving that a murid is allowed to take tariqa from two Masters at the same time" |
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His passing
He passed away in Tuesday the 12th
of Rajab 1381, and the funeral
prayer was held in the Umawi mosque. He is buried in the graveyard of
Dahdah (to the northern side of the Umawi mosque). His grave is well
known and visited by many.
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His silsila
Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi took
the Shadhili tariqa from
Sheikh Muhammad b. Yallis lal-Tlimsani (d. 1346 in Damascus), and from Sheikh Ahmad b. Mustafa al-`Alawi; who both took it from Sheikh Muhammad b. al-Habib al-Buzidi, from Sheikh Muhammad b. Qudur al-Wakili, from Sheikh Abu Yusra al-Muhaji and Sheikh Muhammmad b. `Abd al-Qadir al-Basha, who both took it from Sheikh al-`Arabi b. Ahmad al-Darqawi |
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Relation to
the Yaqoubi family
Sheikh al-Sharif al-Yaqoubi was fifteen years older than Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi, and one of his teachers, They fought together in the battle of Maysaloon. Sheikh Isma'il al-Yaqoubi ((he brother of Sheikh al-Sharif) was a close friend of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi's. For five years they shared the same house, and their children grew up together and they are milk siblings. The house had two floors, one for the Hashimi family and one for the Yaqoubi family. Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi was one of the major sheikhs of Sheikh Ibrahim al-Yaqoubi. Sheikh Ibrahim studied with him from the age of 5, and began memorzing his poems from age 6 or 7. He used to accompany him and his sons to the mosque, Among the books he studied with him are: the Makkan Revelations of Sheikh Muhy al-Din Ibn al-`Arabi, books of Imam al-Sha`rani, and books on `Aqida and Maliki fiqh. He was one of his top students, and he continued studying with him until his passing, Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi gave him general ijaza in everything logically derived and transmitted, including ijaza to transmit the Shadhili Path. The ijaza is signed the 24th of Shawal 1379. |
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References
[1] Tarikh`Ulema Dimashq 14th century, Vol 2 p. 747 ff. which is in
turn based on an interview with Sheikh Ibrahim al-Yaqoubi, and on [2][2] Sheikh Muhammad `Isa: "Haqa'iq `an al-tasawwuf" [3] Notes from lectures given by Sheikh Muhammad al-Yaqoubi. in particular: Lecture series on Love of the Scholars, given in New York, NY, November 2002 [4] Articles on modern history of the Middle East More: Bio in arabic (exernal link) English tranlsation: (pdf) |
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Society
Last modified 2007-08-27 |